Efflorescence (which means "to flower out" in French) is the migration of a salt to the surface of a porous material, where it forms a coating. The essential process involves the dissolving of an internally held chemicals / salt in water, or occasionally in another solvent. Construction material when comes in contact with water / moisture / dampness due to capillarity action water content starts to move or to the top exposed surface by taking the dissolved chemicals in it. When water content reaches to the surface and due to ambient temperature, it dries and forms the white powdery surface, called Efflorescence.
Importantly, efflorescence will occur one all the following three are there:
1. Soluble salts must be present in the material or surrounding the material.
2. Moisture / dampness / water must in touch with the material or surrounding the material.
3. Hydro-static pressure and evaporation must take place with in the material or surrounding the material.
How efflorescence creating capacity of the material is tested in LAB: Testing will be conducted as per IS 3495 part 3. Actually this test will be on brick, but other materials can also be tested as per this testing method.
Quick video:
How to remove the efflorescence?
Note: If salts are present in the material or surrounding the material and if water pressure is there, again efflorescence may occurs.
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