Indian festival - Republic Day

 

annayya.chandrashekar.blogspot.com explains:

Historical Perspective:

The struggle for India's independence from British rule was a long and arduous journey. The Indian National Congress, under the leadership of figures like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sardar Patel, played a pivotal role in demanding self-rule. The British Government, after years of resistance, finally conceded to India's aspirations, and the Indian Independence Act of 1947 was enacted, leading to the creation of two independent nations, India and Pakistan.

Even though India gained independence on August 15, 1947, it did not have a permanent constitution. The country was functioning under the Government of India Act, 1935. The task of drafting a new constitution was assigned to the Constituent Assembly, which was formed in 1946. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the chief architect of the Indian Constitution, played a key role in drafting this monumental document.

After extensive deliberations and debates, the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution on January 26, 1950. This day was chosen to honor the Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress in 1929 when the demand for complete independence was made. The transition from a constitutional monarchy to a democratic republic was complete, making India the largest democracy in the world.

Facts about Republic Day:

1. The Chief Guest: Every year, a foreign dignitary is invited as the Chief Guest for the Republic Day celebrations. This tradition began in 1950, with the first Chief Guest being Indonesian President Sukarno. Over the years, leaders from various countries have graced the occasion, symbolizing India's diplomatic ties.
2. The Parade: The Republic Day Parade in the capital, New Delhi, is a grand spectacle showcasing India's military strength, cultural diversity, and technological advancements. The event takes place on Rajpath, with the President of India taking the salute. The parade includes marching contingents, colorful tableaux, military vehicles, and a spectacular flypast by the Indian Air Force.
3. Beating Retreat Ceremony: The celebrations continue on January 29 with the Beating Retreat ceremony at Vijay Chowk. This ceremony marks the official end of the Republic Day festivities. Military bands from the Army, Navy, and Air Force showcase their musical prowess in this event.
4. Rajpath Decorations: The entire stretch of Rajpath, from Rashtrapati Bhavan (the President's residence) to India Gate, is adorned with intricate decorations and colorful lighting. The beauty of these decorations symbolizes the festive spirit and pride associated with Republic Day.
5. Abrogation of Article 370: In 2019, the government of India took a historic step by abrogating Article 370 and Article 35A of the Indian Constitution, which granted special autonomy to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. This move aimed to integrate the region more closely with the rest of the country.

Present Significance:

Republic Day holds immense significance in the contemporary context of India. It serves as a day of reflection, celebration, and rededication to the principles enshrined in the Constitution. Here are some aspects of its present significance:

1. Constitutional Values: Republic Day is an occasion to reaffirm the commitment to the values and principles laid down in the Indian Constitution. These include democracy, justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. The Preamble of the Constitution encapsulates these ideals and serves as a guiding light for the nation.
2. Unity in Diversity: India is known for its cultural and religious diversity. Republic Day celebrations emphasize the unity of the nation amidst this diversity. The cultural tableau presented during the parade showcases the rich heritage and traditions of different states, fostering a sense of national unity.
3. Military Strength: The Republic Day Parade is a display of India's military prowess, showcasing advanced weaponry, defense capabilities, and the discipline of the armed forces. This serves as a deterrent to potential external threats and reinforces the country's commitment to safeguarding its sovereignty.
4. International Relations: The presence of a foreign dignitary as the Chief Guest is a diplomatic tradition that underscores India's global standing. It provides an opportunity to strengthen bilateral ties and engage in discussions on mutual interests, fostering international cooperation.
5. Patriotism and National Pride: Republic Day instills a sense of patriotism and national pride among citizens. The flag-hoisting ceremonies, parades, and cultural events across the country evoke a spirit of unity and love for the nation. It is a day when people come together to celebrate their identity as Indians.
6. Social Awareness: Republic Day is often used as a platform to raise awareness about pressing social issues. Various organizations, activists, and individuals use this occasion to highlight issues such as gender equality, environmental conservation, and social justice.
7. Educational Programs: Schools and educational institutions organize special programs and events to educate students about the significance of Republic Day. Debates, quizzes, and cultural activities help in fostering a sense of civic responsibility and awareness about democratic principles.

In conclusion, Republic Day in India is a celebration of freedom, democracy, and national pride. It marks the journey of a nation that transformed from colonial rule to a vibrant, democratic republic. The historical context, coupled with the present significance, makes it a day of reflection and commitment to the ideals that shape the nation's identity. As India continues to evolve and face new challenges, Republic Day serves as a reminder of the values that bind its diverse population into one united and sovereign entity.

What is the difference between Independence day and Republic day?

Independence Day and Republic Day are two distinct national holidays in India, each commemorating different milestones in the country's history. While both celebrations are significant and evoke a sense of patriotism, they mark separate events and have distinct significance. Independence Day marks the day when India achieved freedom from British rule, Republic Day commemorates the adoption of the Constitution and the transition to a democratic republic. Independence Day is associated with the end of colonial rule, while Republic Day focuses on the establishment of a constitutional framework that defines the values and governance structure of the nation. Both days hold immense significance in the history and identity of India, and they are celebrated with great fervour and patriotism across the country.

Independence Day (August 15):

1. Historical Significance: Independence Day marks the day when India gained freedom from British rule. On August 15, 1947, the Indian Independence Act of 1947 came into effect, leading to the creation of two independent nations, India and Pakistan. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, hoisted the national flag at the Red Fort in Delhi, signalling the end of colonial rule.
2. Symbolic Rituals: The main event of Independence Day is the flag-hoisting ceremony, usually conducted by the Prime Minister at the Red Fort in Delhi. The national flag is unfurled, and the Prime Minister addresses the nation. The event is accompanied by cultural programs, parades, and patriotic songs across the country.
3. Freedom and Sovereignty: Independence Day symbolizes the culmination of the struggle for freedom and the establishment of India as a sovereign nation. It is a day to reflect on the sacrifices made by the freedom fighters and to celebrate the hard-fought victory for self-determination.

Republic Day (January 26):

1. Constitutional Foundation: Republic Day, on the other hand, commemorates the adoption of the Constitution of India. On January 26, 1950, the Constitution, which replaced the Government of India Act (1935), came into effect, formally declaring India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic.
2. Transition to Republic: While India gained independence on August 15, 1947, it continued to function as a constitutional monarchy until January 26, 1950. Republic Day marks the official transition from a Dominion within the British Commonwealth to a full-fledged republic, with its own Head of State and a constitution drafted by its own leaders.
3. Symbolism of the Constitution: Republic Day celebrates the values enshrined in the Constitution and emphasizes the principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. The Preamble to the Constitution encapsulates these ideals and serves as a guiding document for the nation.
4. Grand Parade and Cultural Display: The main highlight of Republic Day is the grand parade held in the national capital, New Delhi. The parade showcases India's military strength, cultural diversity, and technological achievements. The event includes marching contingents, tableaux representing different states, and a spectacular flypast by the Indian Air Force.

annayyachandrashekar.blogspot.com requests you to levave your comments below...

 

 

What is the difference between Normal Plastering and Ready Mix Plastering

Me Annayya.Chadnrashekar, explains that Plastering is a pivotal aspect of construction that significantly influences both the aesthetic appeal and structural durability of a building. When it comes to choosing the right plastering method, two distinct approaches stand out: Normal Plastering and Ready Mix Plastering. Each method brings its own set of characteristics, advantages, and considerations to the construction site. In this introduction, we will explore the fundamental differences between normal plastering and ready mix plastering, shedding light on the key factors that influence the choice between these two techniques.

Normal Plastering:

Normal plastering, also known as traditional or on-site plastering, involves the manual mixing of ingredients like sand, cement, and water at the construction site. This method relies on the expertise of skilled laborers to achieve the right consistency and quality for the plaster mix. Normal plastering provides flexibility, allowing adjustments to the mix based on specific project requirements. While offering customization, it typically demands a longer application time and skilled craftsmen to achieve a smooth and uniform finish.

Ready Mix Plastering:

In contrast, ready mix plastering represents a more modern and convenient approach. This method delivers a pre-mixed formulation of sand, cement, and additives, eliminating the need for on-site mixing. Ready mix plastering is designed for efficiency, offering a consistent mix that ensures a uniform application. It is recognized for its ease of use, making it suitable for a wide range of construction projects. Ready mix plastering is often favored for larger projects with tight timelines, where its time-saving benefits and simplified application process become significant advantages.

What is the differences/Comparison between Normal Plastering and Ready Mix Plastering: 

Feature	Normal Plastering	Ready Mix Plastering
Mixing Process	Manual mixing on-site	Pre-mixed formulation
Application Time	Typically longer application time	Efficient and quicker application
Skill Requirements	Skilled labor required	Less skilled labor can be utilized
Flexibility and Customization	Flexible with on-site mix adjustments	Limited customization but consistent
Consistency and Quality	Variable consistency based on expertise	Consistent mix for uniform quality
Ease of Application	Requires skilled application	Relatively easier application
Suitability for Project Scale	Suited for smaller or intricate projects	Ideal for larger projects with tight timelines
Cost Considerations	May incur additional skilled labor costs	Potentially cost-effective due to time and labor savings

Cost comparisons between normal plastering and ready mix plastering can vary based on several factors, including the scale of the project, labor costs, material expenses, and application efficiency. It's important to note that while the cost of materials may differ, other aspects such as labor, time, and potential rework can significantly impact the overall expenses. Below is a general overview of the cost considerations for both normal plastering and ready mix plastering:

Normal Plastering:

1. Material Costs:
• Sand, Cement, and Water: The cost of raw materials can be relatively lower as they are typically purchased separately and mixed on-site.
• Additives: Depending on project specifications, additional additives may be required for better adhesion, strength, or water resistance.
2. Labor Costs:
• Skilled Labor: Normal plastering often requires skilled labor to ensure the correct mixing ratio, application technique, and a smooth finish. Skilled labor costs may be higher.
3. Time and Efficiency:
• Longer Application Time: Manual mixing and application may extend the project timeline, potentially increasing labor costs and delaying subsequent construction phases.
4. Customization:
• Flexibility: Normal plastering offers the flexibility to adjust the mix on-site, providing customization but potentially leading to variations in quality.

Ready Mix Plastering:

1. Material Costs:
• Ready Mix Plaster: The pre-mixed formulation can have a higher initial material cost compared to individually purchased components for normal plastering.
2. Labor Costs:
• Less Skilled Labor: Ready mix plastering is designed for easier application, which may reduce the need for highly skilled labor. However, labor costs can still be a significant factor.
3. Time and Efficiency:
• Quicker Application: Ready mix plastering is known for its efficiency, allowing for faster application and potentially reducing labor costs.
4. Consistency:
• Uniform Quality: The pre-mixed nature of ready mix plaster ensures a consistent mix, reducing the likelihood of errors and rework, which can contribute to overall cost savings.

Considerations for Cost Comparison:

1. Project Scale:
• Larger projects may benefit from the efficiency of ready mix plastering, potentially offsetting higher material costs with labor and time savings.
2. Labor Availability:
• If skilled labor is readily available and the project allows for manual mixing, normal plastering may be a cost-effective choice.
3. Timeline:
• Projects with tight timelines may find ready mix plastering more cost-efficient due to quicker application and reduced labor hours.
4. Customization Needs:
• If a high level of customization is required, normal plastering may be preferred despite potential increases in labor and material costs.

Let me know your views on this subject in the below comment section...

Why Civil engineer should study AutoCAD software?

 

annayya.chandrashekar.blogspot.com explains:

AutoCAD, the computer-aided design (CAD) software, was first released in December 1982 by Autodesk, Inc. Autodesk was founded in 1982 by John Walker and 12 other co-founders.

Civil engineers can benefit significantly from studying AutoCAD (Computer-Aided Design) software for several reasons:

1. Design and Drafting Efficiency:
• AutoCAD allows civil engineers to create detailed and accurate 2D and 3D drawings of structures, plans, and layouts. This enhances the efficiency of design and drafting processes, reducing the time required to produce precise and professional drawings.
2. Visualization and Simulation:
• AutoCAD enables engineers to visualize their designs in a three-dimensional space, providing a better understanding of how components fit together and how the final structure will appear. This can aid in identifying potential design flaws or improvements before construction begins.
3. Precision and Accuracy:
• AutoCAD allows engineers to work with a high level of precision and accuracy. Measurements, dimensions, and annotations can be added to drawings, ensuring that construction teams can interpret the plans correctly and build structures to the specified standards.
4. Collaboration and Communication:
• AutoCAD facilitates collaboration among members of a project team. Engineers, architects, and other stakeholders can work on the same drawing simultaneously, share files easily, and communicate effectively through the software. This helps in streamlining the design and construction processes.
5. Documentation and Record-Keeping:
• AutoCAD provides a comprehensive platform for documentation. Engineers can create detailed drawings that serve as essential records throughout the project lifecycle. This documentation is valuable for regulatory compliance, quality control, and future reference.
6. Integration with Other Software:
• AutoCAD can be integrated with various other engineering software tools, such as structural analysis programs or project management software. This integration enhances the overall design and project management capabilities of civil engineers.
7. Adaptation to Industry Standards:
• AutoCAD is widely used in the engineering and construction industry. Learning AutoCAD ensures that civil engineers are well-versed in a tool that is often considered a standard in the field. This familiarity can be beneficial when collaborating with other professionals or transitioning between projects and organizations.
8. Cost Savings:
• Using AutoCAD in the design process can contribute to cost savings by minimizing errors and design flaws early in the project. This, in turn, helps avoid costly modifications during construction.

Studying AutoCAD software equips civil engineers with a versatile and powerful tool that enhances efficiency, precision, collaboration, and communication throughout the design and construction processes. It has become an integral part of modern engineering workflows and is essential for staying competitive in the field.

 

AutoCAD is commonly used in various subjects within civil engineering, where it plays a crucial role in design, drafting, and visualization. Some of the key subjects in civil engineering where AutoCAD is frequently employed include:

1. Structural Analysis and Design:
• Engineers can design and analyse the structural components of buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure projects using AutoCAD.
2. Transportation Engineering:
• AutoCAD aids in the planning and design of transportation systems, including roads, highways, and railways/metro. It helps engineers create alignment drawings, cross-sections, and other detailed plans.
3. Geotechnical Engineering:
• AutoCAD is used to create geological and geotechnical drawings. This includes site plans, foundation details, and other aspects related to soil mechanics and foundation engineering.
4. Environmental Engineering:
• AutoCAD can be employed in environmental engineering for designing and planning environmental control systems, water treatment plants, and other infrastructure projects with environmental considerations.
5. Irrigation & Wastewater management Engineering:
• AutoCAD is used to design and draft water-related projects such as dams, reservoirs, water distribution systems, and sewage treatment plants.
6. Construction Management:
• AutoCAD is valuable in construction management courses for creating construction drawings, project schedules, and site plans. It aids in visualizing the construction process and coordinating various activities.
7. Urban Planning and Design:
• AutoCAD is used in urban planning courses for designing city layouts, zoning plans, and other elements of urban infrastructure. It helps in creating detailed site plans for new developments.
8. Surveying and Mapping:
• AutoCAD is employed in surveying courses to create accurate survey maps, land parcels, and contour maps. It assists in visualizing and interpreting survey data.
9. Material Take Off – Quantity surveying:
• AutoCAD helps to get the in details Material Take Off / BOQ and arrives at the final cost of the project.

In these subjects, AutoCAD serves as a versatile tool for creating detailed drawings, visualizing designs in 3D, and facilitating effective communication within project teams. Learning AutoCAD is considered essential for civil engineering students to prepare them for the practical aspects of their profession.

Revit, (meaning Revise Instantly) another product of Autodesk, Inc., was first released in 2000. Revit was developed by Charles River Software, a company founded by Irwin Jungreis and Leonid Raiz, and later acquired by Autodesk in 2002. 

Comparison between AutoCAD and Revit:

Feature	AutoCAD	Revit
Purpose	2D drafting and 3D modeling	Building Information Modeling (BIM)
Modeling Approach	Traditional 3D modeling with lines and shapes	Parametric modeling with intelligent components
Integration	Compatible with various file formats	Emphasizes collaboration and coordination
Data and Information	Primarily graphical, limited data	Information-rich modeling with parameters
Phases of a Project	Early stages, conceptual design, drafting	Entire lifecycle, from conceptual design to facility management
Learning Curve	Generally easier to learn	Steeper learning curve due to BIM orientation
Industry Adoption	Widely used across engineering disciplines	Commonly used in architecture and building design
Collaboration	Collaboration possible, but less integrated	Real-time collaboration with multiple disciplines
Update Consistency	Manual updating of changes in various views	Automatic updates across all related components
File Interoperability	Versatile for exporting/importing files	BIM-oriented, may require specific formats for collaboration
Cost Estimation	Limited capabilities for cost estimation	Supports cost estimation through model data

 

Keep in mind that the choice between AutoCAD and Revit often depends on the specific needs of a project, the preferences of the design and engineering team, and the project's complexity. Many professionals use both tools in their workflows for different purposes within a project.

annayyachandrashekar.blogspot.com requests you to update your views/points/experience in the below comment section…

Wonders of the world - civil engineering structure - Part 2: Great Pyramid of Giza (Egypt)

 

annayya.chandrashekar.blogspot.com explains:

Introduction:

The Great Pyramid of Giza stands as an enduring testament to the ingenuity, architectural prowess, and cultural significance of ancient Egyptian civilization. This colossal structure, located on the Giza Plateau near Cairo, continues to captivate the world with its grandeur and enigmatic nature. This comprehensive exploration will delve into the history, engineering marvels, the tremendous effort involved, astrological significance, and various unknown facts and figures surrounding the Great Pyramid. 

History:

Construction Period and Pharaoh Khufu:

The Great Pyramid was constructed during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom, estimated to be around 2580–2560 BCE. It is attributed to Pharaoh Khufu, also known as Cheops. The exact timeline and methods of construction remain subjects of scholarly debate, but it is widely accepted that the pyramid was built as a monumental tomb for the pharaoh.

Architectural Significance:

The architectural design of the Great Pyramid is a marvel in itself. The pyramid has a square base with sides measuring approximately 230 meters (756 feet) and originally stood at a height of 146.6 meters (481 feet). Its precision in alignment with the cardinal points of the compass showcases advanced mathematical and astronomical knowledge possessed by the ancient Egyptians.

Construction Techniques:

The methods employed for the construction of the Great Pyramid are a subject of fascination and speculation. The pyramid is comprised of an estimated 2.3 million limestone and granite blocks, with some individual blocks weighing several tons. Theories on construction techniques range from the use of straight or zigzagging ramps to intricate lever systems. The logistics of transporting and placing such massive stones continue to intrigue archaeologists and engineers alike. 

Engineering Marvel:

Scale and Precision:

The sheer scale of the Great Pyramid is awe-inspiring. The precision with which the stones were cut, shaped, and placed is a testament to the advanced engineering capabilities of the ancient Egyptians. The outer casing, originally made of polished Tura limestone, created a smooth and reflective surface, adding to the pyramid's mystique.

Interior Design:

The pyramid contains several internal chambers, including the King's Chamber, the Queen's Chamber, and an unfinished subterranean chamber. The King's Chamber, constructed with red granite, houses a massive sarcophagus, and the purpose of the Queen's Chamber remains a topic of scholarly debate. The intricate layout of passages and chambers indicates a deep understanding of geometry and architectural planning. 

Efforts Involved:

Workforce and Organization:

The construction of the Great Pyramid required a massive workforce. Estimates of the number of laborers involved vary, but it is likely that a combination of skilled laborers, engineers, and a substantial labor force participated in the project. The organization and coordination necessary for such a colossal undertaking highlight the administrative capabilities of ancient Egyptian society.

Quarry Marks and Graffiti:

Explorer Richard Vyse made significant discoveries within the Great Pyramid in the 19th century. Notably, quarry marks and graffiti were found within the chambers, sparking debates about their origin and purpose. These markings provide insights into the labor and organization involved in the pyramid's construction. 

Astrological Significance:

Alignment and Theories:

The alignment of the Great Pyramid with the cardinal points of the compass suggests an astrological significance. Some researchers propose that the dimensions and layout of the pyramid may have connections to celestial bodies or events, reflecting the importance of astronomy in ancient Egyptian religious and cultural practices.

Symbolism:

The pyramids, in general, are considered symbols of cosmic order and the pharaoh's journey to the afterlife. The placement and orientation of the Great Pyramid may have been intended to align with specific astronomical phenomena, symbolizing the pharaoh's ascent to the heavens. 

Unknown Facts and Figures:

Purpose of King's Chamber:

One of the enduring mysteries of the Great Pyramid is the purpose of the King's Chamber. Unlike other pyramids, this chamber lacks inscriptions or carvings, leaving scholars to speculate about its intended use. The absence of direct evidence of Pharaoh Khufu's burial within the chamber adds an additional layer of intrigue.

Quarry Marks Debate:

The "quarry marks" discovered within the Great Pyramid have been the subject of considerable debate. Some argue that these markings, found on the walls of certain chambers, provide evidence of the quarrying process, while others suggest they may be the work of later workers or restorers.

Hidden Chambers and Passages:

Modern technologies, including ground-penetrating radar and other non-invasive methods, have been employed to explore the possibility of hidden chambers or passages within the pyramid. Some speculations suggest that there may be undiscovered chambers containing additional artifacts or insights into the pyramid's construction.

 Preservation and Exploration:

Conservation Efforts:

Preserving the Great Pyramid is a priority to protect it from environmental factors and the impact of tourism. Conservationists employ non-invasive techniques to study the structure and monitor its condition, balancing the need for research with the imperative to safeguard this ancient wonder.

Ongoing Archaeological Research:

Archaeological research at the Giza Plateau is ongoing, with a focus on uncovering more details about the construction methods, purpose, and cultural significance of the Great Pyramid. Advances in technology continue to provide new opportunities for exploration and understanding.

Disadvantages of construction of Great Pyramid of Giza: While the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza is an impressive feat that has stood the test of time, there were challenges and potential disadvantages associated with its construction. Some of these include:

Human Labor and Working Conditions: The construction of the pyramid required a massive workforce, likely consisting of thousands of laborers. The conditions under which these workers labored were likely harsh, involving hard physical labor and challenging living conditions.

Social and Economic Impact: The construction of such monumental structures could have had significant social and economic implications. The allocation of resources and manpower to build the pyramid may have affected other aspects of society, potentially leading to disparities or challenges in meeting the needs of the population.

Environmental Impact: The process of quarrying and transporting the massive stones used in the construction would have had environmental consequences. Deforestation for wood, transportation of heavy stones, and other activities could have had an impact on the local ecosystem.

Health Risks: The working conditions, including the physical strain and potential exposure to dust and debris during construction, could have posed health risks to the laborers. Lack of modern safety measures and medical care might have resulted in injuries or health issues.

Economic Drain: The resources, both human and material, devoted to the construction of the pyramid might have strained the economy of ancient Egypt. The investment in such massive projects could have diverted resources from other essential areas, potentially affecting agriculture, infrastructure, or other key sectors.

It's important to note that while these points raise potential disadvantages, the motivations and circumstances surrounding the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza are still subjects of scholarly debate, and our understanding of ancient Egyptian society and culture continues to evolve.

Conclusion:

The Great Pyramid of Giza remains an enigmatic and awe-inspiring symbol of ancient Egyptian civilization. Its construction, engineering marvels, astrological significance, and the mysteries that surround it continue to spark the imagination of researchers and enthusiasts alike. As ongoing efforts in preservation and exploration shed new light on this ancient wonder, the Great Pyramid's legacy endures as a testament to the enduring ingenuity of humanity.

annayyachandrashekar.blogspot.com requests you to update your views/points/experience in the below comment section…

Wonders of the world - civil engineering structure - Part 1

annayya.chandrashekar.blogspot.com explains:

The term "Wonders of the World" typically refers to lists of extraordinary constructions, both ancient and modern, that showcase the capabilities of human engineering and architectural prowess. There are different lists, such as the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and the New Seven Wonders of the World. Here, I'll provide examples from both categories:

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World:

1. 1. Great Pyramid of Giza (Egypt): The only surviving wonder, the Great Pyramid is an ancient Egyptian marvel and one of the largest structures ever built.

2. 2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon (Iraq): Believed to be a terraced garden with a complex irrigation system, its existence is debated, and no archaeological evidence has been found.

3. 3. Statue of Zeus at Olympia (Greece): A colossal statue of the Greek god Zeus, created by the sculptor Phidias.

4. 4. Temple of Artemis at Ephesus (Turkey): A grand temple dedicated to the goddess Artemis, known for its impressive size and beautiful artwork.

5. 5. Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (Turkey): A monumental tomb built for Mausolus, the Persian satrap of Caria, and his wife Artemisia.

6. 6. Colossus of Rhodes (Greece): An enormous bronze statue of the sun god Helios that stood at the entrance of the harbor of Rhodes.

7. 7. Lighthouse of Alexandria (Egypt): A tall lighthouse that guided ships into the harbor of Alexandria, known for its height and use of mirrors to reflect sunlight.

New Seven Wonders of the World (2007):

1. 8. Great Wall of China (China): A massive fortification built to protect against invasions, stretching over 13,000 miles.

2. 9. Petra (Jordan): A historical city famous for its rock-cut architecture and water conduit system.

3. 10. Christ the Redeemer (Brazil): A colossal statue of Jesus Christ overlooking the city of Rio de Janeiro.

4. 11. Machu Picchu (Peru): An ancient Inca city situated on a mountain ridge, known for its sophisticated dry-stone construction.

5. 12. Chichen Itza (Mexico): A large pre-Columbian archaeological site with a pyramid, El Castillo, at its center.

6. 13. Roman Colosseum (Italy): An iconic amphitheater used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles.

7. 14. Taj Mahal (India): A stunning white marble mausoleum built by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal.

Modern Engineering Marvels:

1. 15. Panama Canal (Panama): A waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, featuring an intricate system of locks.

2. 16. Channel Tunnel (Eurotunnel): A rail tunnel beneath the English Channel connecting England and France.

3. 17. Burj Khalifa (United Arab Emirates): The tallest building in the world, standing at 828 meters in Dubai.

4. 18. International Space Station (Orbiting Earth): A habitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit, representing international collaboration in space exploration.

5. 19. Three Gorges Dam (China): The world's largest power station in terms of installed capacity, providing hydroelectric power and flood control.

6. 20. Akashi Kaikyō Bridge (Japan): Also known as the Pearl Bridge, it is the world's longest central span suspension bridge.

7. 21. Millau Viaduct (France): A cable-stayed bridge that spans the Tarn River Valley and is one of the tallest bridges in the world.

These structures represent a combination of historical marvels and contemporary feats of engineering, showcasing the ingenuity and capabilities of human civilization across different eras.

This topic will be going in 21 parts more. So, annayyachandrashekar.blogspot.com requests you to update your views/points/experience in the below comment section…